SUMMARY
Background. Skiing and snowboarding are popular competitive and recreational sports with associated head injury risks from impact hazards. Understanding head injury hazards and risks in snow sports can inform injury prevention measures, such as helmets, education and environment design of runs and terrain park features, to manage injury risk.
Aim. To identify and discuss (a) the proportion and incidence of head injuries and effectiveness of helmets, (b) circumstances, situational events and characteristics of head injuries and (c) head impact biomechanics in recreational skiing and snowboarding.
Methods. A narrative literature review was performed.
Results. Head injuries comprise up to 38% and 29% of all injuries in skiing and snowboarding, respectively. Skull fractures were found to comprise nearly half of all moderate to severe head injuries in alpine sports across all studies. The most common intracranial injury in skiing and snowboarding was cerebral contusion and subdural haematoma, respectively. Fatal head injuries in skiing are rare with an incidence of approximately one death per one million skier-visits and less than 1% of all skiing head injuries resulted in death. The majority of head injuries were sustained by novice and intermediate level skiers and snowboarders during falls on mild or moderate gradient slopes. Head injury cases occurred in terrain parks were more common in snowboarders than skiers. Fall-related head injuries to skiers are typically in the forward direction with an impact to the front of the head, whereas snowboarders fall rearward and impact the occipital region. Helmet use has increased in recent years, but recent studies have observed an unexpected reduction of the protective effect of helmets in skiing and snowboarding. Alpine sports helmet standards require linear drops onto rigid anvils, but the correlation with snow surfaces is unknown and no helmet standard requires an oblique impact test. Significant protective effects of helmets have been found for collisions and falls onto hard snow.
Conclusions. Alpine sport helmet performance standards should more closely reflect the boundary conditions of impacts to skiers and snowboarders associated with head injury. Administrative and engineering controls may also reduce the risk of head injury in skiing and snowboarding.
A Review of Head Injury and Impact Biomechanics in Recreational Skiing and Snowboarding
D A. Patton, A. S. McIntosh, B. E. Hagel, T. Krosshaug
Review, 211-232
Keywords: Head injury, helmet, impact biomechanics, skiing, snow sports, snowboarding,
Table of Content: Vol. 10 (No.2) 2020 April/June
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Systems & Methods in Extreme Sports Medicine
F. Feletti, A. P. Moorhead, O. Mei-DanEditorial, 154-155 -
Injury Patterns and Wilderness Medical Preparedness in BASE Jumping
J. W. Sieker, G. M. Vilke, M. S. Schongalla, O. Mei-DanOriginal Article, 156-164 -
Use of a Prospective Survey Method to Capture a Picture of Overuse Injuries in Kitesurfing
R. Paiano, F. Feletti, M. Tarabini, P. BuzzacottOriginal Article, 165-170 -
Injury Prevention in The Sport of Surfing: An Update
A. NathansonOriginal Article, 171-178 -
Injuries in Mountain Biking and Implications for Care
D.C. Fiore, K. M. Fellows, T. A. HennerOriginal Article, 179-191 -
Rodeo Injuries: The Role of Safety Equipment
C. R. Reisenauer, J. W. StonebackOriginal Article, 192-200 -
Current Trends in Sport Climbing Injuries after the Inclusion into the Olympic Program. Analysis of 633 Injuries within the years 2017/18
C. Lutter, T. Tischer, T. Hotfiel, L. Frank, A. Enz, M. Simon, V. SchöfflOriginal Article, 201-210 -
A Review of Head Injury and Impact Biomechanics in Recreational Skiing and Snowboarding
D A. Patton, A. S. McIntosh, B. E. Hagel, T. KrosshaugReview, 211-232 -
Tendon Injuries in the Hands in Rock Climbers: Epidemiology, Anatomy, Biomechanics and Treatment – An Update
V. Schöffl, I. Schöffl, L. Frank, T. Küpper, M. Simon, C. LutterOriginal Article, 233-243 -
Assessment of the Ultimate Actual Strength of Rock-Climbing Protection Devices: Extraction Tests in the Field and the Human Capability to Predict the Ultimate Strength
A. Manes, F. CadiniOriginal Article, 244-256 -
Practical and Conceptual Analysis of Wingsuit BASE Flight
A. Stöckl, J. Sieker, A. Westman, O. Mei-DanOriginal Article, 257-268 -
Altitude Training and Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Performance
M. MarzoratiMini - Review, 269-273 -
Accidents and Risk Related Behaviours in Downhill Mountain Biking in Regard to Trail Choice
A. Frühauf, M. Huter, E. Weiß, M. KoppOriginal Article, 274-279 -
Hand-arm vibration in motocross: measurement and mitigation actions
M. Tarabini, N. Mauri, I. Gaudio, S. Cinquemani, A. P. Moorhead, R. Bongiovanni, F. FelettiOriginal Article, 280-289 -
Review on Reported Concussion, Identification and Management in Extreme Sports
C. N. Seehusen, V. Mucci, K. E. Welman, C. J. Browne, F. Feletti, A. J. ProvanceReview, 290-299 -
Surgical treatment of muscle injury. A review of current literature and indications
A. Giai Via, G. Discalzo, F. Oliva, R. Matteotti, N. MaffulliReview, 300-308 -
Conceptualising Performance Enhancement in Extreme Sports: Combining Physiological and Psychological Perspectives
E. Monasterio, E. Brymer, I. StewartOriginal Article, 309-314 -
An Ecological Dynamics Perspective of Return to Play Decision-Making for Extreme Sport Athletes
J. Nyland, A. Smith, B. Pyle, O. Mei-DanOriginal Article, 315-324 -
Protective and Supportive Garments and Bracing to Enhance Extreme Sport Performance and Injury Prevention
J. Nyland, A. Cecil, R. Singh, C. Raj PandeyOriginal Article, 325-332 -
A Systematic Review of Smart Clothing in Sports: possible Applications to Extreme Sports
S. Scataglini, A. P. Moorhead, F. FelettiOriginal Article, 333-342